Ice Hockey Facts & Worksheets

Ice Hockey is a team sport played on an ice rink. Teams of skaters use sticks to control a puck and score goals by shooting it into the opposing team’s net. The game is known for its physical nature, strategic gameplay, and quick transitions. Ice hockey is played internationally at various levels and is especially popular in countries like Canada, the US, Russia, and Sweden, where it features prominently in the Winter Olympics.

See the fact file below for more information on Ice Hockey, or you can download our 35-page Ice Hockey worksheet pack to utilize within the classroom or home environment.

Key Facts & Information

HISTORY OF ICE HOCKEY

Early Origins and Adaptations:

• Ice hockey has roots in European stick-and-ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries, evolving from variations like shiny and field hockey adaptations.
• Games were played on frozen bodies of water during the colder months, gradually developing distinct ice hockey elements.

Formalization in Canada:

• Canada is credited with shaping ice hockey into a recognizable sport during the mid-19th century.
• In 1875, the first organized indoor game was held in Montreal, combining components such as a flat puck, stickhandling, and goal scoring.

Standardized Rules and McGill University:

• McGill University in Montreal established the first comprehensive ice hockey rules in 1877, formalizing gameplay elements such as player positions and offside rules.
• These rules helped establish a common framework for the sport’s development.

Professional Leagues and the NHL:

• The early 20th century saw the creation of professional ice hockey leagues, including the National Hockey Association (NHA) in 1909.
• The National Hockey League (NHL), created in 1917, quickly became the major professional league in North America, with clubs from Canada and the United States.

Global Expansion and International Competitions:

• Ice hockey’s popularity extended beyond North America, with European nations embracing the sport.
• Established in 1908, the formation of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) led to the creation of the European Championships and the incorporation of ice hockey into the Winter Olympics, commencing in 1920.

Soviet Dominance and Technological Innovations:

• The Soviet Union emerged as a dominant force in ice hockey during the mid-20th century, employing innovative training methods and nurturing exceptional talents.
• This period saw the development of composite sticks and improvements in protective gear, enhancing player performance and safety.

Globalization of the NHL and International Talent:

• The NHL expanded to include teams from the United States, increasing the sport’s international visibility.
• The league attracted top players from all over the world, contributing to a diverse talent pool.

Modern Era and Continual Evolution:

• Advancements in equipment, player conditioning, and strategic gameplay have defined the modern era of ice hockey.
• The NHL remains a prominent platform for the sport, while international competitions like the World Championships and Winter Olympics showcase elite players and nations.

GAME BASICS

Objective:

• Ice hockey is a team-based sport centered around the primary goal of scoring by propelling the puck into the opposing team’s net. 
• Victory is achieved by the team that accumulates the highest number of goals by the game’s conclusion.

Teams:

• Each team typically consists of six players, including one goaltender, on the ice at a time.
• Teams can make player substitutions during stoppages in play.

Puck and Sticks:

• The game is played with a hard rubber puck, which players use their sticks to control and pass.
• Players use sticks with curved blades to handle and shoot the puck.

Duration and Periods:

• Games are divided into three periods, each lasting 20 minutes in professional leagues like the NHL.
• Overtime periods may occur if the game is tied at the end of regulation time.

Scoring:

• A point is scored when the puck fully reaches the goal line and enters the net. 
• A shot that strikes the goalpost or crossbar without entering the net does not qualify as a point.

Offsides and Icing:

• Offsides occur when an attacking player enters the offensive zone before the puck.
• Icing happens when a player shoots the puck past the center red line and into the opposing side’s goal.

Face-offs:

• Play restarts with face-offs after stoppages, where a referee drops the puck between two players who try to gain possession.

Penalties and Power Plays:

• Players can receive penalties for infractions like tripping, slashing, or holding.
• When a player is penalized, their team plays shorthanded, and the opposing team has a power play with a numerical advantage.

Goaltending and Saves:

• The goaltender (goalie) is the last line of defense, aiming to stop the puck from entering the net.
• Goaltenders use their bodies, pads, and gloves to make saves.

Referees and Linesmen:

• The game is officiated by referees and linesmen who enforce rules, call penalties, and ensure fair play.

Tie Breaking Methods:

• In tied games, overtime periods or shootouts may be used to determine a winner, depending on the league’s rules.

EQUIPMENT AND GEAR

Skates:

• Players wear ice skates designed for stability and agility on the ice.
• Skates have rigid boots with blades that allow players to glide and maneuver on the ice.

Helmets:

• Helmets are mandatory for player safety and protect the head from impacts and potential injuries.
• Helmets are designed with padding, a protective shell, and a cage or visor for facial protection.

Shoulder Pads:

• Shoulder pads protect the shoulders, chest, and upper arms.
• They are designed to absorb impacts from checks and collisions.

Elbow Pads:

• Elbow pads protect the elbows from impacts and falls.
• They are essential for shielding players during physical play.

Gloves:

• Gloves cover the hands and wrists and offer protection from sticks, pucks, and falls.
• They provide grip for stick handling and shooting.

Pants:

• Players wear padded pants to protect the hips, thighs, and lower abdomen.
• Pants offer cushioning against falls and impacts.

Shin Guards:

• Shin guards cover the shins and knees, shielding players from sticks, pucks, and collisions.
• They are secured with straps and provide additional protection for vulnerable areas.

Skate Guards:

• Players use skate guards to protect their skates when not on the ice.
• These guards prevent damage to blades and aid in walking on solid ground.

Stick:

• Players use sticks with curved blades to control the puck, pass, and shoot.
• Stick flex and curve can vary based on player preferences.

Goalie Equipment:

• Goaltenders wear specialized gear, including a mask, chest protector, leg pads, and a catching glove.
• This equipment offers enhanced protection due to the goalie’s unique role.

Jerseys and Socks:

• Teams wear jerseys with numbers and logos for identification.
• Players also wear socks that cover the shin guards and match the team’s colors.

Mouthguards:

• Many players use mouthguards to protect their teeth and jaws from impacts.
• Mouthguards also help reduce the risk of concussions.

Undergarments:

• Players wear moisture-wicking undergarments for comfort and to regulate body temperature.
• These underlayers prevent chafing and keep players dry.

ICE RINK AND LAYOUT

Rink Dimensions:

• An ice hockey rink is typically rectangular and standardized for regulation play.
• The dimensions of an NHL rink are 200 feet (61 meters) in length and 85 feet (26 meters) in width.

Zones:

• The skating area is separated into three primary sections: the offensive zone, the neutral zone, and the defensive zone.
  • The offensive and defensive zones contain the goals and areas of play.

Blue Lines:

• A pair of blue lines separates the rink into three sections: the neutral zone and the two end zones.
• The blue lines mark the boundaries for offsides and icing.

Red Line:

• The center red line divides the rink in half horizontally.
• It is used for determining icing calls and as a reference point for face-offs.

Goals and Nets:

• At each end of the rink, a goal comprises a net and posts.
• The net is positioned within a crease, aiming to shoot the puck into the opponent’s net to score.

Creases:

• A crease is a painted area in front of each goal.
• They designate the space where goaltenders are allowed to play and are involved in determining goals.

Face-off Circles:

• Face-off circles are marked on the ice at specific locations.
• Face-offs occur in these circles where players compete for possession of the puck.

Bench Areas:

• Teams have designated bench areas along the rink’s sides for players and coaches.
• Substitutions and line changes occur in these areas.

Penalty Boxes:

• Penalty boxes are located near the players’ benches.
• Players serving penalties sit in these boxes until their penalties expire.

Scoreboard and Timers:

• The rink features a scoreboard displaying the game’s score, time remaining, and penalties.
• Timers ensure accurate game and penalty durations.

Glass and Boards:

• The rink is surrounded by transparent plexiglass and protective boards.
• The glass protects spectators from the ice while allowing visibility of the game.

Benches and Penalty Box Areas:

• Player benches and penalty box areas are on opposite sides of the rink.
• Coaches, players, and officials occupy these areas during the game.

POSITIONS AND ROLES

Forwards:

• Forwards are offensive players responsible for scoring goals and creating offensive opportunities.
• Positions within the forward line include center, left-wing, and right-wing.
• Centers often lead the team’s offense, take face-offs, and play a well-rounded role.
• Wings focus on positioning, shooting, and setting up plays.

Defensemen:

• Defensemen play primarily in the defensive zone and focus on preventing goals.
• They work to break up opponent attacks, block shots, and support the goaltender.
• Defensemen also contribute to offensive plays by moving the puck up the ice and taking shots from the blue line.

Goaltender (Goalie):

• The goaltender is the last line of defense, protecting the net from opposing shots.
• Goaltenders must have quick reflexes, excellent positioning, and strong communication skills.
• They make saves, control rebounds, and direct the team’s defensive play.

Special Teams:

• Players on special teams have specific roles during power plays and penalty kills.
• Power-play units include skilled forwards for offensive pressure, while penalty-kill units feature strong defensive players.

Role Differentiation:

• Forwards and defensemen have distinct responsibilities, but modern hockey encourages all players to contribute at both ends of the ice.
• Versatile players who excel in both offensive and defensive aspects are highly valued.

Defensive Responsibilities:

• All players, including forwards, are responsible for backchecking and helping the defense prevent goals.
• This team effort is vital for maintaining balanced play and minimizing opponent scoring opportunities.

Line Combinations:

• Coaches arrange players into lines consisting of forwards and defensive pairings.
• Line combinations vary based on strategies, playing styles, and specific game situations.

Shifts and Substitutions:

• Players rotate on and off the ice in shifts to maintain energy and effectiveness.
• Substitutions occur during stoppages in play, ensuring fresh players are on the ice.

Leadership and Captains:

• Team captains provide leadership on and off the ice, representing the team in interactions with officials and opponents.
• They are responsible for communication and fostering team unity.

Player Development:

• Players often develop specific skills based on their positions, but well-rounded skills are essential for success in the modern game.

GAMEPLAY

Offensive Play:

• Offensive strategies aim to create scoring opportunities and control the puck in the opponent’s zone.
• Players use passing, stickhandling, and positioning to maintain possession and set up shots on goal.

Forechecking:

• Forechecking involves pressuring the opposing team in their defensive zone to disrupt their plays and regain possession.
• Different forechecking systems dictate player positioning and aggressiveness.

Cycling and Puck Possession:

• Cycling in hockey entails maneuvering the puck along the side boards within the offensive zone. This strategy serves to retain possession and gradually wear down the opposing team.
• Players cycle the puck while looking for passing lanes and shooting opportunities.

Crash the Net:

• “Crashing the net” refers to players driving toward the opponent’s net to capitalize on rebounds and create scoring chances.
• It requires aggressive play around the crease area.

Power Plays:

• Power plays occur when a team has a numerical advantage due to an opponent’s penalty.
• Teams use passing, quick puck movement, and shots to capitalize on the extra player.

Penalty Kills:

• During penalty kills, teams work to prevent opponents from scoring during their power play.
• Penalty killers prioritize shot blocking, clearing the puck, and applying pressure to disrupt the power play setup.

Defensive Play:

• Defensive strategies focus on minimizing opponent scoring chances and protecting the goaltender.
• Players position themselves to block shots, intercept passes, and limit shooting lanes.

Neutral Zone Trap:

• The neutral zone trap involves slowing opponents’ progress through the neutral zone, forcing turnovers, and counterattacking.

Breakouts:

• Breakouts involve transitioning from defense to offense by moving the puck out of the defensive zone.
• Defensemen and forwards collaborate to pass the puck up the ice and start offensive plays.

Transition Play:

• Transitioning between offense and defense quickly is crucial to maintaining a balanced game.
• Quick transitions catch opponents off guard and lead to scoring opportunities.

LEAGUES AND COMPETITIONS

National Hockey League (NHL):

• The NHL stands as the foremost elite ice hockey league in North America.
• Founded in 1917, it features teams from the United States and Canada.

International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF):

• The IIHF serves as the official organization overseeing international ice hockey tournaments.
• It organizes events like the Ice Hockey World Championships and oversees rules and regulations.

Ice Hockey World Championships:

• Held annually by the IIHF, the World Championships feature national teams worldwide.
• Competing squads vie for the prestigious world champion title.

Winter Olympics:

• Ice hockey is a prominent sport in the Winter Olympics, held every four years.
• National teams compete for Olympic gold, and the tournament showcases top international talent.

Stanley Cup Playoffs:

• The NHL’s Stanley Cup Playoffs occur annually to determine the league champion.
• Teams compete in a series of rounds, culminating in the awarding of the Stanley Cup.

European Leagues:

• European countries have their domestic ice hockey leagues.
• Prominent leagues include Russia’s Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) and the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

Junior Leagues:

• Junior ice hockey leagues provide a development pathway for young players.
• Leagues like the Canadian Hockey League (CHL) and the United States Hockey League (USHL) groom players for professional careers.
• Junior ice hockey leagues provide a development pathway for young players.
• Leagues like the Canadian Hockey League (CHL) and the United States Hockey League (USHL) groom players for professional careers.

College Hockey:

• College ice hockey is popular in North America, with divisions like NCAA Men’s and Women’s Ice Hockey Championships.
• College leagues serve as breeding grounds for NHL prospects.

Champions Hockey League (CHL):

• The CHL is a European club competition involving teams from various leagues.
• It showcases top club talent from across the continent.

Spengler Cup:

• The Spengler Cup is an annual invitational ice hockey tournament held in Switzerland.
• It features club and national teams and is one of the oldest international ice hockey tournaments.

World Junior Ice Hockey Championships:

• Organized by the IIHF, this tournament showcases top under-20 national teams.
• It is a prestigious platform for young talent and garners significant attention.

Specialty Tournaments:

• Various specialty tournaments cater to unique formats and categories, such as women’s ice hockey, sled hockey (para ice hockey), and youth age groups.

Ice Hockey Worksheets

This fantastic bundle includes everything you need to know about Ice Hockey 35 in-depth pages. These ready-to-use worksheets are perfect for teaching kids about Ice Hockey. The game is known for its physical nature, strategic gameplay, and quick transitions. Ice hockey is played internationally at various levels.

Complete List of Included Worksheets

Below is a list of all the worksheets included in this document.

1. Ice Hockey Facts
2. The Legends
3. Which Team?
4. Game Day
5. Term Teaser
6. Hitting the Origins
7. Strategic Plan
8. Haiku on Ice
9. What do you Meme?
10. Frosty Puck Collage
11. Ice Hockey Mini-Game

Frequently Asked Questions

What is ice hockey?

Ice hockey is a team sport played on an ice rink, where two teams of skaters use sticks to hit a puck into the opposing team’s goal. The objective is to score more goals than the opposing team within a specified time frame.

How many players are typically on an ice hockey team?

In a standard ice hockey game, each team has six players on the ice at a time. This usually includes three forwards (two wings and a center), two defensemen, and one goaltender

What is the penalty box in ice hockey?

The penalty box in ice hockey is an area located near the team benches where players serve time for infractions or penalties. When a player commits a penalty, they are required to sit in the penalty box for a specified amount of time, leaving their team short-handed for that duration.

What is a power play in ice hockey?

A power play occurs when one team has a numerical advantage due to an opponent serving a penalty. During a power play, the team with more players on the ice (usually five skaters to the opponent’s four) has a better chance of scoring a goal.

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